a. Which of the following can operate at both layers 2 and 3 of the OSI model? Group of answer choices. Application layer (OSI-Layer 7) To use these functions, various service levels of the DP protocol were defined: DP-V0 for cyclic exchange of data and diagnosis; DP-V1 for acyclic. Bridge Protocols. regenerating the signal to extend the distance it can travel. 8. Switch merupakan perangkat jaringan yang bekerja pada OSI Layer 2, Data Link Layer. Model OSI (Open System Interconnection) diciptakan oleh International Organization for Standardization (ISO) yang menyediakan kerangka logika terstruktur bagaimana proses komunikasi data berinteraksi melalui jaringan. Transmission control protocol (TCP) includes which three types of. On System In. The usage of repeaters doesn’t impact how the network. Switches, hubs, and bridges all operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model. r-_-mark • 1 yr. Transport layer of the OSI model. In this tutorial, we’re going to emphasize the distinguishing qualities of. These. Switches. 2. Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for converting data into signals appropriate for the transmission medium? A. It contains four layers, unlike the seven layers in the OSI model. Unlike a switch, a hub cannot filter the data, i. A network repeater works in the physical layer of the OSI model. Presentation layer of the OSI model. Bridge expands the limit of network segments while repeater can extend cable. On which layer of OSI does repeater works? physical layer Repeater – A repeater operates at the physical layer. A _____ is a device that operates only in the physical layer. OSI 7 Layer Model. IP addresses are at low level, while the DHCP protocol itself works the application layer - using broadcast addresses and “fake IP” to communicate. •Device : NIC, Bridges, Switch OSI Layers. 2. This makes them (OSI) Layer 1/Layer 2 devices. Security is provided through a proprietary encryption standard. The interconnected physical-layer channels can also have different technologies (e. This paper provides an overview of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model which defines a hierarchical architecture that logically partitions the functions required to support system-to-system communication and has served as the most basic elements of computer networking since the. This is the one type of network device that functions at the OSI physical layer where it amplifies or regenerates the incoming signal before transmission. How does a repeater operate in the Physical Layer of the OSI model? arrow_forward Explain the primary function of a network switch in an OSI model, and provide an. . . What layer of OSI model does a router operate? Router is a Layer 3 (Network Layer)device that checks packet's IP Address at input interface &. Here are the 7 Layers of the OSI Model: #1) Layer 1 – Physical layer. The lowest layer of the OSI model is concerned with data communication in the form of electrical, optic, or electromagnetic signals physically transmitting information between. Repeaters work within the physical layer of the OSI model, that is, there is no end-to-end change in the physical protocol across the repeater, or repeater pair, even if a different physical layer may be used between the ends of the repeater, or repeater pair. 3)These devices have absolutely no knowledge of the. Physical Layer: b. Devices and their OSI Layer . To pass data through the repeater in a usable fashion from one segment to the next, the packets and the Logical Link Control (LLC) protocols must be the same on the each segmentA repeater that occurs as the first layer of the OSI layer is the physical layer. Gateways operate at the network layer of the OSI model. Network bridging refers to the process of aggregating networks. 7 OSI Layer. Whichever end point is requesting something from a layer 7 protocol (like HTTP), will use all 7 layers before putting it on the wire. A repeater operates at layer(s) _____ of the OSI model. In the context of the OSI model, the term "Data encapsulation" is used to describe a process where each layer of the OSI model adds its own control information to the original data that is being passed across the layers from the physical layer up to the application layer. MAC addresses are implemented in hardware. Here is an example 4-port Ethernet hub (image source: Wikipedia):The physical layer is the first and lowest layer of the Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI) communications model. The physical layer's function is to transport data using electrical, mechanical or procedural interfaces. Unlike repeater hubs, which broadcast the same data out of each port and let the devices pick out the data addressed to them,. Layer Application adalah penghubung utama antara aplikasi yang berjalan pada satu komputer dan resources. Router; Router adalah perangkat jaringan yang beroperasi di OSI Layer 3, Network Layer. Physical layer. A repeater that occurs as the first layer of the OSI layer is the physical layer. It regenerates a weak signal and extends the network’s range. Data link protocols address things like the size of each packet of data to be sent, a means of addressing each packet so that it’s delivered to the intended recipient, and a way to. [1] The data link layer provides the functional and procedural. OSI Layer 1 - Physical. In filtering when the frame is forwarded, the decision must specify the A. The OSI model, which stands for Open Systems Interconnection model, provides a structured framework for conceptualizing the different. 4. Layer 1: The physical layer. It is both an OSI layer 1 (physical layer) and layer 2 (data link layer) device,. digital switch: A digital switch is a device that handles digital signals generated at or passed through a telephone company central office and forwards them across the company's backbone network. The main aim of using a repeater is to increase the networking distance by increasing the strength and. only one transmission at a particular time. Open in App. Hubs and repeaters both take an incoming data signal and. Isaac is designing a network infrastructure as a class project. Spesifikasi IEEE 802, membagi level ini menjadi dua level anak, yaitu lapisan Logical Link Control (LLC) dan. Untuk spesifikasi IEEE 802 sendiri membagi lebel ini menjadi 2 level lagi, yaitu lapisan logical Link Control (LLC) dan Media Acces Control (MAC). Q. CIS2005 Mod 5 Review Quiz. Coaxial cables or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers. Agar 3 atau lebih komputer bisa membentuk suatu jaringan, maka diperlukan. Repeater adalah alat atau perangkat khusus yang digunakan untuk menangkap, memperkuat, dan memperluas jangkauan sinyal tanpa mempengaruhi kualitas pengiriman data antar node. Repeaters remove the unwanted noise in an incoming signal. Switches operate in the data link (Layer 2) layer of the OSI model. Layer 3 switch. IFT 166 Introduction to Internet Networking Lab 1 OSI Model & TCP/IP Model Note: If possible, try to complete this lab where you have to multiple computers on the same network OSI & TCP/IP Models OSI model comparison with TCP/IP model In column 2, indicate the proper name for each of the seven layers of the OSI model corresponding to layer number. It addresses the physical characteristics of the network, such as the types of cables used to connect devices, the types of connectors used, how long the cables can be, and so on. What layer are hubs and repeaters used in? IEEE 802. network layer of the OSI (open systems interconnection) model. Sometimes it regenerates the signals to. My understanding of a hub is that it is just a repeater with multiple outputs but looking at the exam we are gonna take the right answer of which layer a hub is on is always layer 2. In the OSI model, the layer 3 PDU is known as:Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data network. Answer / kunal. 6. The repeater has the function of amplifying and regenerating the signal on the line, and is used to extend the length of the LAN segment. ANSWER: (A) Network. Transport layer. TCP/IP Model. Switch: Switches work at layer 2 of OSI model, which is Data Link Layer. Selain itu, lapisan ini juga menentukan bagaimana perangkat jaringan seperti repeater, hub, bridge, switch, dan sebagainya. Which of the following devices operates at the OSI model layer 2? (select 2) - Router - Network interface card - Switch - Firewall - Repeater - Hub - Switch - Network interface card - switch Hub adalah perangkat jaringan yang beroperasi di OSI layer 1. It may be noted that there are some layer 3 switches. , Ethernet) – 3: network (create entire path, e. Contohnya adalah transceiver, konektor, dan kabel yang terkait dengan physical layer. Data-link. Switch works on the basis of MAC address. Bridge works in data link layer. amanda_dorvil. The Seven Layers of the OSI Model Layer Name Description; 1: Physical: Governs the layout of cables and devices such as repeaters and hubs. 132. Layer 3 switches have all the benefits of a switch and router combined into one device. ISBN: 9781337405713. The only layer with a protocol (such as Ethernet) that adds both a header and a footer is the data link layer. A hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. Can encrypt traffic into/out of the network and between sites. e. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Check out a sample Q&A here. a. Some people use the terms concentrator when referring to a passive hub and multiport repeater when referring to an active hub. The Physical Layer is the hardware layer of the OSI model which includes network elements such as hubs, cables, ethernet, and repeaters. Dan juga, menentukan bagaimana perangkat jaringan seperti hub,repeater,bridge, dan switch di layer 2 dapat beroperasi. Presentation layer of the OSI model. MAC atau Media Access Control di OSI Layer ada pada layer. OSI 7 Layer. Repeaters operate in the third OSI layer with the first OSI layer. Layer 1 is the physical layer. These receptors linked the various network signals to convert the data between the two devices. Step 1. It is divided into seven layers that work together to carry out specialised network functions, allowing for a more systematic approach to networking. Pada penerima, layer ini akan mengubah. Dahulu komunikasi data yang melibatkan komputer-komputer dari vendor yang berbeda-beda. It addresses the physical characteristics of the network, such as the types of cables used to connect devices, the types of connectors used, how long the cables can be, and so on. Step 3. A repeater operates at the physical layer. It receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power. Hub. Repeater – A repeater operates at the physical layer. Repeater operates only on the physical layer i. 1: Explain the function of each layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. But it depends on which type of repeater it is sometimes it. They are used for long-distance transmission or received on the other side. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which OSI layer is related to the IP protocol, Which OSI layer is organizing the bits over the physical layer between devices in the same collision domain?, Which OSI layer is a Switch at? and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like For a network technician one benefit of understanding the OSI seven-layer model is using it as a primary tool for:, Which of the following reside at the physical layer of the OSI model? (Select 2 answers), At which of the following layers of the OSI model TCP/UDP. Repeaters remove the unwanted noise in an incoming signal. Data link layer. The bottom layer of the OSI Model is the Physical Layer. In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with the physical connection between devices. Which one of the following protocols allows email clients to download their messages from an email server?OSI Layer Ketika ISO (International Standart Organization) membuat standarisasi protokol, maka terciptalah sebuah standar model referensi yang berisi cara kerja protokol. We know Networking Architecture has a 7-layer OSI model, where repeaters and devices come at the physical layer. It is a piece of hardware that helps a local area network grow. Analog repeaters can only amplify the signal whereas a digital repeaters can reproduce a signal to near its original quality. Repeaters works on Layer 1 of OSI model and Bridges works on Layer 2. Routers are layer-3 devices in the OSI model. At least one network must be available to connect the hub device. Transmission rate is also decided in this layer. Unformatted Attachment Preview. Standard ini dikembangkan untuk industri komputer agar komputer. 7 Lapisan OSI Layer. Layer 3 switch. View the full answer Step 2. nadhisya says:. 3. The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between. The switch can perform layer 3 routing at near wire speeds. On which layer of. A switch looks at the destination MAC address before forwarding a frame. A repeater amplifies a weak signal to a strong signal. See solution. A NIC needs a MAC address to communicate over the LAN. passive hub b. The Data Link layer of the OSI model is where an access point (AP) operates. , IP). It receives a signal from one port, amplifies it, and retransmits the signal through the other port. View this answer. As the explanation of one of. The OSI Model: An Overview. It connects networks using the same protocol. '. Layer 1: The Physical Layer. This layer was added to the OSI model because of user demand — pure and simple. The physical layer defines the means of transmitting raw bits over a physical link connecting. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same. Routers operate at: Layer 3 (Network) At which of the OSI layers IP addressing takes place? Layer 3. Typical hardware on this layer: repeaters, hubs, cables, plugs, OSI Layer 1 - Physical Layer. View solution. B) data link. Transport layer. On cables, the electric pulse dissipates over distance, and in wifi, the signal gets weaker as it travels. Signal Generator d. Pada physical layer terdapat perangkat keras dasar jaringan yang terdiri atas Repeater, Multiplexer, Hubs (Passive and Active), Oscilloscope dan Amplifier. Advantages of using the OSI layered model include, but are not limited to, the following: It divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler components, thus. They merely amplify the signal, and are indeed at the Physical layer of the OSI model. Select the OSI Networking Model layer responsible for the physical addressing of networking. (MAC Address)), dan menetukan bagaimana perangkat-perangkat jaringan seperti hub, bridge, repeater, dan switch layer 2 beroperasi. In the TCP/IP Reference Model, these layers are mostly implemented by hardware on most hosts (clients or servers). network traffic is. L2TP is a layer 2 protocol in OSI terminology, and that’s where it gets its name. A repeater works at the physical layer of OSI model and transparent to all protocols which are operating in the layer above the physical layer. Which layer of the OSI model provides a user interface in the form of an entry point for programs to access the network infrastructure? A. The TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. IFT 166 Introduction to Internet Networking Lab 1 OSI Model & TCP/IP Model Note: If possible, try to complete this lab where you have to multiple computers on the same network OSI & TCP/IP Models OSI model comparison with TCP/IP model • In column 2, indicate the proper name for each of the seven layers of the. B. Perangkat tersebut sebagai penyambung atau concentrator, dan menguatkan sinyal di kabel UTP. They cannot work on Layer 3 of the OSI model (routers and Layer 3 switches can do that). While it works in all layer. Physical Layer (Cable, Hubs, Repeaters) OSI layer 2. What component performs signal amplification to extend the maximum allowable distance for a media type? Layer 2 - Data Link Layer. He determines that one device he requires must have the capacity to act as a repeater, operate at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model, be able to filter packets based on their MAC address, and allow communication between two local area networks (LANs). Each layer has a specific function and communicates and works with the layer below and above it. A hub has multiple ports and it is a non-intelligent device. The main thing that repeaters does is to REPEAT the signal from one side to other, it no taken on mind destination or something else, it just repeat the signal to the other ports. In TCP data link layer and physical layer are combined as a single host-to-network layer. -Has to do with the transmission of bits over physical media. Repeater: – The repeater is a network device used to Regenerate or Replicate a signal. 2. 7. At which OSI layer does a router operate to forward network messages? Network. Lots of other devices fail to fall strictly into OSI layers. It also characterizes the media type, connector type and signal type to be used for communication. For example, this layer is responsible for executing electrical signal changes like making lights light up. •. In the physical layer, the bridge acts as a Repeater which regenerates the weak signals, while in the data-link layer, it checks the MAC(Media Access Control) address of the data. Osi layer dan fungsinya - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Fungsi repeater adalah untuk. Hub (Passive and Active) adalah perangkat jaringan yang beroperasi di OSI layer 1 Physical Layer. Why Repeater in a computer network is neededA repeater. They are even faster than the conventional routers as they perform the routing of data packets without using additional hops, thereby leading to. What layer number is the Session layer of the OSI model? 5. OSI secara konseptual terbagi kedalam 7 lapisan dimana masing masing lapisan memiliki fungsi jaringan yang spesifik seperti yang akan dipaparkan penjelasannya dibawah. Layerini terkenal dengan pengalamatan jaringan menggunakan IP Address. A repeater regenerates the received signals and then retransmits the regenerated (or conditioned) signals on other segments. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the. A gateway recognizes _____ layer addresses. In this article, we will take a look. The IEEE 802. A bridge operates at layer(s) _____ of the OSI model. The number of layers is. A router operates at layer(s) _____ of the OSI model. Your company purchases a new bridge that filters packets based on the MAC address of the destination computer. Many firewalls today have advanced up the OSI layers and can even understand Layer 7. C. 2. OSI Layer 1 - Physical. 3. In the OSI layer, repeater work at the first physical layer. Layer 3 – The Network Layer Layer 3, the network layer of the OSI model, provides an end-to-end logical addressing system so that a packet of data can be routed across several layer 2 networks (Ethernet,Token Ring, Frame Relay, etc. Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. user data) is the actual data that is being nested between header and tail control information. An Ethernet switch operates at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model to create a. Layer 6 of the OSI model. Sebagai penguat atau repeater. The PC connects to an IP phone, which is working correctly. The term "Presentation layer" refers to: Layer 7 of the OSI model. A repeater hub also participates in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision . C. Hubs. Sebuah laer harus dibuat bila dierlukan tingkat abstraksi yang berbeda 2. OSI Layer 1 - Physical Layer In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer. Layer 2. In the OSI model, the layer 3 PDU is known as:The physical layer is the layer of low-level networking equipment, such as some hubs, cabling, and repeaters. IFT 166 Introduction to Internet Networking Lab 1 OSI Model & TCP/IP Model Note: If possible, try to complete this lab where you have to multiple computers on the same network OSI & TCP/IP Models OSI model comparison with TCP/IP model • In column 2, indicate the proper name for each of the seven layers of the. SMTP. 2) Ring Topology. [1] The data link layer provides the functional and procedural. 3. In the OSI model, the physical layer PDU is known as: Bit. False. Layer 5: The session layer. The data link layer present in the OSI reference model can rectify errors present in the physical layer. Transport layer of the OSI model. Hubs are widely used to connect LANs. Routers are Network layer devices. • It is an Amplifier or Regenerates the signal. IFT 166 Introduction to Internet Networking Lab 1 OSI Model & TCP/IP Model Note: If possible, try to complete this lab where you have to multiple computers on the same network OSI & TCP/IP Models OSI model comparison with TCP/IP model • In column 2, indicate the proper name for each of the seven layers of the. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like For a network technician one benefit of understanding the OSI seven-layer model is using it as a primary tool for:, Which of the following reside at the physical layer of the OSI model? (Select 2 answers), At which of the following layers of the OSI model TCP/UDP. Repeaters are common in. dia bekerja sebagai penyambung atau concentrator dalam Jaringan. Types Telephone repeater Repeaters work at the physical layer of the OSI model. g. 0 (4 reviews) The Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI / RM) Physical Layer serves which primary purpose? Click the card to flip 👆. As mentioned earlier in this chapter, repeaters work at Layer 1 (physical) by repeating the signal received from the transmitting side out to the receiver and vice versa. Related questions. Intermediate nodes, like routers and switches might only use up to the first 3 layers, firewalls or WAN accelerators can affect layer 4, load balancers do. The Media Access Control (MAC) data communication Networks protocol sub-layer, also known as the Medium Access Control, is a sub-layer of the data link layer specified in the seven-layer OSI model. In vague, general terms, each layer is handled independently and assumes that the layers below/above it are functioning properly. The physical layer is the first and bottom-most layer of the OSI Reference Model. This layer manages the reception and transmission of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. [1] The data link layer provides the functional and procedural. Dan juga, menentukan bagaimana perangkat jaringan seperti hub,repeater,bridge, dan switch di layer 2 dapat beroperasi. Cara Kerja OSI Layer. CAN bridges or switches (OSI layer 2) can be used to separate CANopen network systems into different segments, in order to limit impacts or to reduce busloads. The H1 FF network exhibits the following properties:. Layer 1. It demodulates analog data from a telephone network into digital PC data. Applications that operate at Layer 7 are those that users interact with directly. Dahulu komunikasi data yang melibatkan komputer-komputer dari vendor yang berbeda-beda. 4. 5. False. In OSI model, data link layer and physical are separate layers. Repeaters do not necessitate any additional. The number of repeaters that can be used intended is generally limited by a particular LAN implementation. Bridge operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. By Paul Burch June 15, 2022. A _____ is normally a computer that operates in all five layers of the Internet model or seven layers of OSI model. Bridge. Which of the following is OSI layer of repeater? Data Link Network Physical Transport. (Select two) Hub Repeater Bridge Router Switch Gateway. Layer 2: The data link layer. Hubs, like repeaters, are Physical layer devices. The lowest of seven hierarchical layers. The Network Interface Layer adds the source and destination Internet protocol (IP) addresses, and forwards the packets to the Internetwork Layer. 2. A. The layers are: Layer 1—Physical; Layer 2—Data Link; Layer 3—Network; Layer 4—Transport; Layer 5—Session; Layer. Which OSI layer is responsible for breaking up data into segments? Transport layer. Layer Application. OSI Layer B. e. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same network. Layer 4 of the OSI model. The 7 layers of the OSI model. As the explanation of one of them say: "Repeaters are protocol transparent". If we think of the network stack then the bottom layer (layer 1 or the physical layer) of the network does the work of sending and receiving bits across the physical network wires without doing a lot of thinking. It has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device. Destination MAC address. A limit on the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network without fragmentation is referred to as: MTU. Bridges work at the data link layer (OSI Layer 2) and are protocol independent. I make ensure that at the end of this. [1] The device is a form of multiport repeater. It transmits data in the form of bits across the physical medium. The process of adding the headers and footers is known as data encapsulation. IP (both IPv4 and IPv6) addresses are Network Layer addresses that are used in the Network Layer packet header. Setiap layer hars memiiliki fungsi tertentu 3. Repeaters are devices that receive a digital signal on one interface and retransmit the same signal out another interface. In the context of the OSI model, the term "Data encapsulation" is used to describe a process where each layer of the OSI model adds its own control information to the original data that is being passed across the layers from the physical layer up to the application layer. Spesifikasi IEEE 802,. Jawab: ·Layer Physical yang paling sederhana berkaitan dengan elektrial koneksi. At the physical layer, one can find ‘physical’ resources such as network hubs, cabling, repeaters, network adapters, or modems. Modem. True. A media converter does not alter or. In the OSI model, a repeater. Field Tech III - IV Conventional. the first layer. In the world of computer networks and communication, the OSI model stands as a cornerstone for understanding how data is transmitted, received, and processed. IFT 166 Introduction to Internet Networking Lab 1 OSI Model & TCP/IP Model Note: If possible, try to complete this lab where you have to multiple computers on the same network OSI & TCP/IP Models OSI model comparison with TCP/IP model In column 2, indicate the proper name for each of the seven layers of the OSI model corresponding to layer number. It regenerates the weak signal and increases the range of the network. A router works on the basis of IP address. A gateway is. The Physical layer performs services requested by the Data. Spanning. 7 OSI Layer. Network layer. Bridge Repeater Bridge operates at the data link layer of the OSI Model. Match each type of switch on the left with its corresponding characteristics on the right. A repeater is an electronic device that works at the physical layer of the OSI model to amplify a received signal. only one transmission at a particular time. Repeater: Repeater is an electronic device. 138. it focuses on details rather. Standar OSI memiliki 7 layer. By Dinesh Thakur. Protocol apa sajakah yang terdapat pada layer network pada OSI. December 1, 2021. The Transport Layer provides an end-to-end communication service. This is the hardware layer of OSI devices like repeater, hub, cables, ethernet involved in this layer. 7. Repeaters are used in the networking components to enhance the coverage area so these are termed signal boosters. Layer Names Protocols Devices Application, Presentation and Session: HTTP - Web browsers - Web server. A hub or a repeater operate at Layer 1; they regenerate a signal without. Transport d. It is a hardware device used to extend a local area network. Prinsip yang digunakan bagi ketujuh layer tersebut adalah 1. Which network device comes under L3 layer? arrow_forward. for routable protocols. Transport layer. A bridge is a networking device that operates at the data link layer device. Typically these are local area networks. Hub is a hardware device used at the physical layer to connect multiple devices in the network. It works at the physical layer of the OSI model. Repeater b. ago. It means that bridges have more functionality (in terms of connection) than Layer 1 devices, such as repeaters and hubs. " [2] In the OSI reference model, the communications between systems. The Open Systems Interconnection model ( OSI model) is a conceptual model from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that "provides a common basis for the coordination of standards development for the purpose of systems interconnection. Network hubs explained. A broadcast domain is a network segment in which if a device broadcast a packet then all the devices. -Physical media can be copper wire, rf signals, fiber optic, etc. One of the most important layers in the FOUNDATION Fieldbus model is the User Layer. There are also network devices such as repeaters, hubs, switches, bridges and routers. 5. True/False: A packet-filtering firewall operates at the Network and Data Link layers of the OSI model. passive hub C. Physical characteristics of interfaces and media.